I had the pleasure of meeting and hearing Bob Inglis, former SC Rep and Executive Director of the Energy & Enterprise Initiative the other day at a lecture he gave. He presented his 3 point plan, which by the way, made him popularly called the Al Gore of the Republican Party. An outline of the plan:
1. Change what we tax from current income to emissions. We want more income and less emissions...so why are we taxing income and not emissions.
2. Eliminate all subsidies for all fuels.
3. Attach all costs to all fuels. (Account for all externalities).
Most conservatives these days seem to be against any sort of carbon tax. So how does this fit into a conservative ideology?
Accountability: The energy sector is one in which profits are privatized but the costs are socialized. You might not view climate change as being real, however the health cost associated with pollution from the creation of energy are quantifiable. In economics this is called a negative externality (there are positive ones as well). And in order for resources and capital to be allocated most efficiently, all costs of production need to be included in the price consumers pay. So the typical way of dealing with this is levying a tax equal to the cost society at large is paying. Inglis says this should be a rattling issues amongst social issue conservatives.
Liberty. Changing to a consumption tax allows energy producers to choose their own tax rate which is a value near and dear to conservatives in favor of the flat sales tax approach.
Budget Neutral: This one for fiscal conservatives. A carbon tax would be coupled with a decrease in one of the income taxes. Inglis' choice is the payroll tax due to the progressivity problem of lowering income tax rates but he said he'd be for a deal either way. The problem with this is that conservatives will view it as simply another revenue stream for the government which will increase all taxes over time. Grover Norquist suggested he eliminate a tax entirely to get around this problem.
National Defense conservatives should be happy with it as lowering our dependence on foreign oil would make us safer. The military cost of protecting our supply lines of oil would also be included in those externalities mentioned above.
The tax would be increase every year up to a threshold to give a steady stream of revenue as production substitutes away from carbon intensive production. It would also be border adjustable (the tax would be removed on exports and imposed on imports).
The problem of course is that implicit in this is the acceptance that climate change is real...so conservatives will have to change their minds.
Another problem I see is that free market conservatives have a hard time accepting, or at least reconciling, the concept of the externality (and the need to correct for it) with free enterprise. Some may say this is just more government involvement. In my mind, however, you can't have real free enterprise without correcting for externalities. Not correcting for the externality is essentially a subsidy. In this case correcting for the externality creates a playing field that is fairer for both producer and consumer. Fairer for the producer in that we won't be subsidizing dirty energy. Fairer for the consumer in that as emissions go down, illnesses and premature deaths caused by pollution would decrease and the subsidization of those health care costs would decrease.
But as Inglis suggests, perhaps the greatest argument for placing a price on carbon is reasonable risk avoidance. Liability insurance companies hire actuaries. The actuaries listen to scientists...carefully. In many ways the federal government is just a large insurance company and it should do the same.
Bob Inglis, US Rep (R-SC4 1993-1999, 2005-2011) was voted out by a Tea Party candidate, targeted for his energy bill summarized above and his vote for the TARP program. He said if he had to do it again, he would still have voted for TARP.
Sunday, December 16, 2012
Wednesday, December 5, 2012
Marginal Tax Rates and Unemployment
This is an interesting article by Joshua A. Cuevas from
Counterpunch
When
the top marginal tax rates are compared to unemployment rates for the same
year, one year later, two years later, and three years later, nearly identical
results emerge. Not only is there a negative relationship in each case, with
low tax rates correlating with high unemployment and vice versa, the magnitude
of each relationship is nearly identical. So between 1948 and 2011, there
appears to be a clear and consistent relationship between top marginal tax
rates and the unemployment rate. And since unemployment rates cannot dictate
tax rates, any influence must go in the opposite direction, with tax rates
influencing the unemployment rates. Because we are dealing with correlations,
there is a possibility that a third variable or more variables are also at
play, particularly in a dynamic as complex as the U.S. economy. Indeed, it is
almost a certainty that other factors are involved. But the unmistakable and
highly uniform pattern revealed in the analyses reported here would lead us to
believe that the relationship between top marginal tax rates and unemployment
is in fact present, even if other factors are also involved.
What
we can say with absolute confidence, though, is that there is no evidence here
that low tax rates are associated with low unemployment, and by extension, a
healthy economy. Similarly, there is no evidence that high tax rates are
associated with high unemployment, and by proxy a weak economy. There is simply
no empirical basis to make those claims based on this historical data. In fact,
everything we see here suggests that just the opposite is true. Low marginal
tax rates do not appear to be beneficial to employment rates, and if they are
in fact detrimental to employment rates one would be hard pressed to make the
case that they are helpful to the economy. In the most basic terms, a healthy
economy is one in which the vast majority of citizens who want to work can find
that work.
If
one were to accept the common contention these days that we must wait until we
again have a strong economy before we are able to collect the tax revenues
needed to adequately fund public sector services, the data simply does not
support that claim. These numbers tell a far different story. They instead
suggest that while tax rates remain at historical lows we will continue to have
a weak economy and high unemployment. There is no data to suggest that by
keeping top marginal tax rates low it will improve the economy or decrease
unemployment. For those who insist on low taxes at all costs, it would be
worthwhile for them to look at the numbers and realize that pursuing low
marginal tax rates, and gutting education and other social services in the
process, is not the answer to a weak economy. It may be one of the causes of
it, and certainly appears to be a prime factor in the equation. If we continue
on the trajectory that we as a country have been on for more than 30 years of
demanding lower and lower tax rates in the hopes that it will keep money in our
pockets and food on the table, the data tells us we are more likely to have
empty pockets and less on the table.
So let’s think about the intuition behind this. How could
higher tax rates theoretically encourage employment? If tax rates are higher,
the opportunity cost of hiring someone is smaller, and therefore, a higher top
marginal tax rate may encourage hiring, not discourage it as popularly thought.
Let’s say a business person is deciding whether or not to
hire someone or just do the work themselves. Hypothetically we will assume this
business owner makes $300,000 per year. Let’s assume their tax rate is 25%.
If they pay someone $40,000/year the opportunity cost is
salary - salary*tax rates = $30,000. This is what the employer would have
netted after taxes had he not hired someone.
Now let’s assume tax rates are 40%. The opportunity cost
then would be salary – salary*tax rates = $24,000, which is much lower than
$30,000.
This is basically the same intuition behind IRA contributions rising when tax rates rise as well.
This is basically the same intuition behind IRA contributions rising when tax rates rise as well.
Saturday, December 1, 2012
Two Good Posts
One from Economist's View:
'The Outlook Has Already Improved'
And another from Paul Krugman's NY Times blog:
"Against Willful Denseness, The Gods Themselves Content In Vain"
'The Outlook Has Already Improved'
And another from Paul Krugman's NY Times blog:
"Against Willful Denseness, The Gods Themselves Content In Vain"
Wednesday, September 19, 2012
Appalachia - A History of Mountains and People
Just finished this video about a region near and dear to me. I highly recommend you rent it from your library. It does a great job of highlighting how the environment and economy are tied together. Environmental Sustainability = Economic Sustainability.
Appalachia is a national treasure. It is a region stretching
from New York to Alabama, comprising the oldest mountains in North America. It
is home to the most ancient forest in the world and one of the greatest
collections of mineral wealth on the planet. From the early sixteenth century
when the region's name first entered the historical record, Appalachia has been
a place of mystery and mythology. It has been romanticized, maligned,
discovered, rediscovered, exploited, redefined, but only vaguely understood. In
fact, more is known about Appalachia that is untrue than about any other
region of the country.
APPALACHIA:
A History of Mountains and People
is the first film series ever to chronicle the riveting history of one of the
oldest mountain ranges on earth and the diverse peoples who have inhabited
them. Ten years in the making, this four-part series weaves the insights of
both the sciences and the humanities into a spellbinding portrait of one of the
world’s great ecological treasures.
The central characters of the series are the Appalachian Mountains
themselves. The central theme is the story of how the mountains have shaped the
people and how people have shaped the mountains — the dynamic interaction of
natural history and human history.
Appalachia is unlike any other region in America. Nowhere
else in America is the ancient history of the earth so openly revealed as in
these mountains. And nowhere else in America is the story of man’s interaction
with nature so dramatically evident.
At the same time, Appalachia is quintessentially American.
Surrounded by half the population and two-thirds of the industry in the United
States, Appalachia has experienced in full force the impact of humans on a
mountain ecosystem. Here in Appalachia, the tensions between private ownership
and public good have been played out over and over.
The story begins with the birth of the mountains during what
the writer John McPhee has termed “Deep Time.” It chronicles the spectacular
geologic upheavals which created an immense treasure of minerals carpeted by
the richest temperate forest in the world. The story continues with those who
came seeking the treasures of the land — from the first nomads ten thousand
years ago to today’s hikers on the Applachian Trail.
APPALACHIA
is the story of the Shawnee, the Iroquois and the Cherokee; the story of the
first Spanish explorers and the early settlers: German, French, Scotch-Irish
and African. APPALACHIA is the story of larger than life characters such as
Daniel Boone, Attacullaculla, William Bartram, Mother Jones, and Thomas Wolfe.
It is the story of the black bear, the white-tailed deer, the spotted
salamander, and the American chestnut tree. It is also the story of mountaintop
removal mining, the most destructive mining practice the world has ever known.
Above all, APPALACHIA provides a window onto the
defining question of our age; how to use the land to provide the needs of today
and at the same time preserve it for the future. The story of Appalachia is the
story of our struggle as a people to find our true and proper relationship to
the natural world.
Friday, August 10, 2012
Bye Bye Fishy Fish
Environmental Sustainability = Economic Sustainability
Tim Beardsley from the American Institute of Biological Sciences has some sobering stats on freshwater fish extinctions. This from Economist View:
North American freshwater fish diversity is in decline:
Tim Beardsley from the American Institute of Biological Sciences has some sobering stats on freshwater fish extinctions. This from Economist View:
North American freshwater fish diversity is in decline:
North American freshwater fishes race to extinction, EurekAlert: North American freshwater fishes are going extinct at an alarming rate compared with other species, according to an article in the September issue of BioScience. The rate of extinctions increased noticeably after 1950, although it has leveled off in the past decade. The number of extinct species has grown by 25 percent since 1989.
The article, by Noel M. Burkhead of the US Geological Survey, examines North American freshwater fish extinctions from the end of the 19th Century to 2010, when there were 1213 species in the continent, or about 9 percent of the Earth's freshwater fish diversity. At least 57 North American species and subspecies, and 3 unique populations, have gone extinct since 1898, about 3.2 percent of the total. Freshwater species generally are known to suffer higher rates of extinction than terrestrial vertebrates. ... Burkhead concludes that between 53 and 86 species of North American freshwater fishes are likely to have gone extinct by 2050, and that the rate of extinction is now at least 877 times the background extinction rate over geological time.
Tuesday, June 5, 2012
Enjoying What You Do: A Valuable Asset
Worker
Satisfaction → Productivity → Living Standards
There
is an old saying that time is the only truly limited resource in your life.
Money can come and go, but time will only go. Therefore, it is of the utmost
importance to spend your time doing what you want to do and who you want to
spend it with. This can have very beneficial effects regarding personal
finances but certainly has beneficial effects on the overall economy.
Regarding
personal finances, there are two basic ways in which this can help. Loving
what you do (or at least feeling good about it) will make you less inclined to
stop working. Delaying retirement for a few years can be the difference between
success and failure in a retirement plan. Gallup
studied employee satisfaction and found that highly satisfied employees often
exhibit above average levels of customer loyalty, productivity, employee
retention, safety records, and profitability. Whether you are self employed or
not, this is likely to translate into a higher level of career success and pay
over the long haul. (There are bound to be exceptions of course. It would seem
some careers that people love do not pay well and others people loathe pay very
well.)
For
the overall economy, highly satisfied employee groups are often 50% more
productive and increase profitability by 33%.[1]
Productivity (output per unit of input) is understood to be the most important
determinant in the standard of living of a country. This is clearly a win-win.
It does highlight the importance of worker mobility. A more mobile worker can realize his or her own highest and best use faster. Many workers these days have impaired mobility due to job-lock or the inability to sell their house.
It does highlight the importance of worker mobility. A more mobile worker can realize his or her own highest and best use faster. Many workers these days have impaired mobility due to job-lock or the inability to sell their house.
[1]
“Creating A Highly Engaged and Productive Workplace Culture,” The Gallup Organization. www.gallup.com
Friday, June 1, 2012
A Libertarian's Approach to Drug Legalization
Professor Jeffrey Miron of Harvard University recently spoke at the National Economists Club about drug legalization. I summarize his remarks below:
----------
All
told, the United States spends $41 billion on drug prohibition every year.
There are 1.6 million drug related arrests every year. And as the jails
overflow and expenses mount, the US government is forgoing $47 billion in tax
revenue every year. There are also multiple unquantifiable costs to prohibition
such as the opportunity cost of allocating resources to enforce the law.
Advocates argue that prohibition reduces use and crime. But is this really the
case? Professor Jeffrey Miron of Harvard University argues that the costs of
prohibition far outweigh the benefits. The solution…a laissez faire approach to
legalization.
Miron
concedes that prohibition does in fact lower demand modestly, but it does not
eliminate the supply and demand for drugs. The expected penalty is rather low
which has negligible effects on demand. Advocates also argue that prohibition
makes production more expensive, driving up the price, decreasing consumption.
Certainly producers have to keep operations on the down low. However, since the
early 80s, prices are down 80%. Miron argues that if producers and dealers are
involved in an illegal activity, they aren’t going to be paying income taxes,
or abiding by child labor or minimum wage laws, etc. Therefore, a producer’s
marginal costs are extremely low, relative to legal businesses.
For
anyone who has seen an episode of Boardwalk Empire recently, the comparison
between the War on Drugs and the prohibition of alcohol in the 1920s is an easy
one. Looking at data on deaths from cirrhosis of the liver, Miron suggests consumption
only decreased 20%. Meanwhile violence increased. Producers and dealers can’t
settle their disputes by legal means so they resort to violence. The same goes
for other prohibited activities such as prostitution and gambling. Quality
control, the spread of HIV through dirty needles, corruption, and a litany of
other issues arise when a black market is created.
Miron
suggests there are four ways of looking at legalization. (1) Rational Drug
Consumption: Without making judgments on drug use one could say that people gain
utility out of it, otherwise they wouldn’t use drugs. In this respect
prohibition is a utility cost, not a benefit. (2) Paternalism: If we decide to
discourage drug use, a Pandora’s Box of government intervention is opened. One
should be able to respectfully differ in their opinion of drugs. At any rate, alcohol
is an easy substitute for drugs. (3) Externalities: Advocates of prohibition
argue that negative externalities of drug use such as the effects on unborn
children and the strain on the health care system are significant. Miron argues
the magnitudes of these externalities are highly exaggerated, particularly when
compared to alcohol. When a question about the effects on kids of having meth
addicted parents was brought up, Miron suggested irresponsible parents will be
irresponsible with or without access to drugs. The policy must balance costs
and benefits. (4) Morality: Advocates of prohibition argue that drug use is
immoral and has undesirable side effects. While this may be the case, Miron
notes that many of the side effects of prohibition are also considered immoral;
the increase in violence being the most notable. Surprisingly, Miron suggests
prohibition creates a redistribution of wealth in the direction of producers
and dealers due to the fact that income taxes are not being paid. With a little
smirk, Miron suggested most people would not want to subsidize this type of activity…
Jeffrey
Miron is a Senior
Lecturer and Director of Undergraduate Studies in the Department of Economics
at Harvard University, as well as a Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute. His
field of expertise is the economics of libertarianism. He has advocated for
many libertarian policies, including legalizing all drugs and allowing failing
banks to go bankrupt. He has written four books including "Drug War
Crimes: The Consequences of Prohibition" and "Libertarianism, from A
to Z." He served as the chairman of the Department of Economics at Boston
University from 1992 to 1998.
----------
It is my own personal opinion the the costs of prohibiting and incarcerating people for some drugs probably outways the benefits. However, I don't think a blanket laissez faire approach is appropriate. For instance: I don't think Meth has done anyone any favors. A drug by drug approach is probably best. It should be noted that I don't use drugs.
Thursday, May 31, 2012
Savings, Interest Rates, and Money Illusion
It’s
been well documented that the personal savings rate of Americans has dropped
precipitously over the past few decades. The changes are shown in the chart
below:
Macroeconomic
theory suggests that this is related to the real interest rate (after inflation
rates). A higher interest rate implies that the return on savings is higher, so
that more future consumption goods can be obtained for a given sacrifice of
current consumption goods.[1]
Is this really the case? Is the savings rate related to real interest rates? I
tested the relationship between savings and real interest rates from January
1959 to March 2012 to find out. I used the 10 Year Treasury real rate and found
the correlation between the two to be 0.00. That implies that there is no relationship
between real rates and savings rates.
There does, however, seem to be a stronger relationship between nominal rates and savings rates. When you take inflation out of the picture, the chart looks like this.
There are two main problems with this.
There does, however, seem to be a stronger relationship between nominal rates and savings rates. When you take inflation out of the picture, the chart looks like this.
This
implies that something called money illusion exists. Money illusion is when
people mistake nominal changes for real changes. If your savings after taxes
rise 2% and inflation is 2% you will think you are better off when in fact you
are no better or worse off than before.
There are two main problems with this.
(1)
If consumers were completely rational, they would take inflation into account
when they make their consumption/savings decision. Obviously they are not
completely rational as they take cues by nominal rates instead of real rates.
This poses a problem for economic modeling. Should we not use nominal rates
instead of real rates when modeling expected savings to get a more accurate
result?
(2)
When real interest rates go down savings needs to go up, not down. Consider
someone facing retirement in 20 years. They want an income of $30,000
($2,500/month) over 30 years in retirement. If their real rate of return is 5%,
they will have to save up $465,704.04 in today’s dollars to make that happen.[2]
They will need to save $1,940.43/month. However, if their real rate of return
is 1% they will need to save up $777,267.67 in today’s dollars by retirement.
That’s a monthly savings need of $2,926.89/month, a significant difference!
Consider what you will need to save if the real rate of return is negative! The
average American household would be hard-pressed to come up with the difference,
particularly given the fact that most aren’t even saving for retirement.
To
sum up: what actually happens and what needs to happen are at complete polar
opposites. What actually happens is that when nominal interest rates go down,
savings decreases. What needs to happen is that when REAL interest rates go
down, savings needs to INCREASE.
[2] All
projections in real terms, taxes not included, volatility not factored. Rates
of return are assumed to be the same before and after retirement of
illustrative purposes. I realize that retirement portfolios aren’t entirely in
10 Year Treasuries and the real rate actually experienced will differ. This was
just for illustrative purposes.
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